Growing a specialist variety of grain maize , as well as lucerne and grass and managing it according to specific advice from leading forage experts Nickerson Direct has resulted in North Cornwall farmers Michael and Anthony Grills being able to consolidate and expand their dairy enterprise even in the face of price adversity.
Continuing pressure on the dairy industry has encouraged Michael and Anthony to focus on increasing efficiency and cost-effectiveness over the last few years, during which they have expanded their dairy business from 250 to 320 cows, with the eventual aim of reaching 500. They have also implemented major advances in genetics and nutrition, reduced costs, improved attention to detail and increased profitability.
Until 2009, cropping at West Trelay Farm, Marhamchurch included 60-80 acres of forage maize, which was included in the ration at the rate of one part to two parts grass silage. However, the Grills found it difficult to achieve consistently good results from forage maize and variability in the clamp made correct rationing difficult. Typical butterfat levels struggled to get to 4% on the wheat and barley mix as a starch source along with forage maize, which when on a cheese contract is costly.
In early 2009, Nickerson Direct Seed Specialist Simon Montgomery suggested that Michael and Anthony include grain maize with the forage maize as an additional energy source to supplement grass silage, its higher energy/starch content significantly improving milking performance and making the ration easier to manage throughout the year.
The initial crop produced an average of 5 tonnes per acre of grain which was put into the clamp for £68/t, making it very cost-effective. The maize fed tremendously well, with average butterfat content increasing from 3.98% to a maximum of 4.54% during the winter and never dropping below 4.2% the following summer, while protein remained at 3.18-3.21% throughout. The resulting increase in the quality of the milk, all of it contracted to Dairy Crest for cheese production, netted the Grills a 1p/litre quality premium worth £25,000 per year.
It was so successful that in 2010 they substituted the area of forage maize for grain maize, drilling 90 acres of Lorado between 18th and 21st April. The crop established quickly in favourable conditions, grew consistently throughout the season despite being subjected to severe drought stress and in terms of maturity behaved more like a Group 9 than its official NIAB Group 7 rating would suggest with harvest completed by 17th October and averaging a respectable 4.5 -5 t/ac in yield.
This year, the area was increased further, with a number of fields being 3rd year grain maize. 2011 started off far drier than 2010, with the crop being planted on the 14th and 15th April in ideal conditions. What was startling though on the light ground was how much moisture had been retained by the 2 previous years mulched stalks, allowing easy seed bed preparation and perfect planting conditions giving a very even plant establishment, something others struggled with this year. Herbicide applications also worked well. Even with the extremes of weather this year, first hot and dry, then cold and dry, followed by cool windy and wet conditions from 15th June onwards, the crop looked good.
By the 11th October the crop was ready to harvest, even after the poor growing conditions this year, with contractor Phil Strout combining 4 - 5 tonnes per acre (at 30-34% moisture) of what Anthony Grills describes as ‘a wonderful product, like gold dust’, although he acknowledges that their location on relatively dry ground in North Cornwall favours the crop. The fact that Lorado dries down quickly, right to the base of the kernel, 'enables us to put it through the crimper efficiently, producing a gritty flour type product, even though we are adding water with the acid type preservative, which as a result has increased surface area allowing easy digestion in the cows' gut. We're also getting better protein values from the maize as a result of using this method. In doing so we are reducing the overall acid loading on the cows digestive system, which with good quality grass silage is making a noticeable difference'.
After appraising and careful consideration with Simon, a trial field of Lucerne was planted in one of the drier fields 'to see what happens'. Simon's past experience of growing Lucerne in Zimbabwe helped in getting a fantastic establishment in difficult dry conditions. The first cut was made mid July, being left to wilt for 4 days with one turning with an old Vicon Acrobat doing the job very well without losing the leaf, before row up and baling. The Lucerne was chopped as being baled, resulting in very dense, tightly packed bales which had an additional layer of plastic to stop any 'porcupine effect'. The resultant forage has surpassed expectations. The second cut in early September was done the same way and has analysed equally well, yielding similarly at 8 600kg bales per acre. Next year, four cuts should be easily achievable.
The inclusion of 1.5 kg per cow of Lucerne in the diet has raised protein levels from 3.18 to 3.35%. It has also allowed the removal 0.25kg per cow of soya from the ration, saving over £900/month in bought in soya cost. It has also helped boost butterfat levels which are now up to 4.64% in cows producing 10,000 litres of milk. The milk from forage figure is now standing at 4500 litres, from grazed grass and grass silage only, as the grain maize is treated as a concentrate.
What is noticeable too is how cow health is improving. Cows are very 'on the go'; alert, but contented and relaxed looking when you study them, they do not look tired and lethargic. They are showing better bulling signs and better holding post AI. As a result the cull cow numbers have reduced, calving index is improving, there is now a surplus of heifers being reared which is providing another good revenue stream to the business.
Soil management has also been appraised, some time ago soil conditioning fertilisers became part of the crop fertilising regime, recently the inclusion of 'bugs' into the slurry towers is enhancing nitrogen values by 18-20% with silage ground staying green after cutting, rather than the usual browning off period whilst swards recover. This has lead to a reduction in bought in Nitrogen fertiliser use over the whole farm, particularly in the grain maize fields, the flora and fauna levels in the soils as a result is improving along with soil structure.
The combination of crimped maize and Lucerne in the diet has added an additional 1.5p quality premium to their milk price, which is making the business far more viable. It is also providing the basis for a more balanced diet, with good quality grass silage under pinning it. 'Most importantly, the growing of grain maize at £70 per ton in the clamp, the improved milk price as a result of better quality milk, the savings from inclusion of Lucerne into the diet has stabilised the farm business, on the borrowings side and the new bank protocols, our business is more sound and is allowing us to push forward and further invest in our enterprise.
As Simon has said before, "Dry grain production requires varieties with rapid dry-down rates, harvested after the leaves have died back and typically followed by the removal of 10%-15% moisture in a dryer, which increases the cost of the final product and is a major factor in steering producers towards moist storage after crimping".
“The high energy content and slow starch degradation characteristics make crimped grain maize an ideal moist concentrate feed for high-performance dairy and beef animals. It is convenient and reliable, ideal for use on farms where maize silage area is limited but where additional starch is required in the diet. Typically, the nutrient analysis for crimped grain is 65%-75% Dry Matter, 12-13 ME, 9-11% crude protein and 60%-70% starch. What makes Lorado so good is that it typically has a protein value of 12.7%, much more than other varieties and this does make a big difference in the ration".
“Grain maize provides a much more concentrated form of energy than forage maize, which is very important in achieving the correct energy-density in rations, enabling cows to eat more and make more milk. It is also very convenient, allowing livestock farmers to ‘top up’ lower-quality forages and those who buy in straights to purchase the exact tonnage they require, as and when they need it, which benefits cash-flow.
“Many farmers have tried to produce grain maize using conventional forage varieties, but these will only dry down slowly to a minimum of 30% moisture, making the crop difficult to combine in often wet and windy conditions late in November or December. Growing specialist grain maize varieties will make a big difference, but producing a good crop requires a different technique in terms of variety, plant population, nitrogen management and timing".
“It is essential to choose the correct variety. Lorado was bred by Limagrain specifically to perform well in Northern Europe. It is one of the earliest-maturing varieties in the Maize Growers Association trials and under favourable conditions does not require covering with plastic. Despite being the tallest on the NIAB list, it has excellent standing power, good disease resistance, excellent early vigour and good cob tip cover, which eliminates the risk of mould infection from ‘snouting’. Lorado produces excellent yields of high-quality grain, has superb dry-down characteristics and will reach 25% moisture, making it easier to harvest.What growers don't always appreciate is that dry-down gets slower the later the crop gets into October, particularly when you start getting into November, whilst the ground and conditions typically are getting wetter! It sounds obvious, but I am seeing combines running down in the southwest in late November by which time white moulds, fusarium and cob rot are starting to really take hold. The whole idea should be to harvest as pure a form of starch as possible, yet by planting later maturing varieties, even under plastic, the resultant contamination risks are hugely increased, negating the advantages of inclusion in the diet. We are harvesting Lorado at Bude before most of the forage varieties are harvested, which gives some idea of just how early to mature it is".
“Grain maize crops should be sown as early in April as possible, when soil temperature reaches 8°C, into light, free-draining soils in South-facing fields that warm up quickly during the spring and drain well right through until harvest. Whereas crops grown for crimped maize production typically require a seed rate of 38,000-40,000 seeds/acre, for grain maize production this should be reduced to 36,000-38,000 seeds/acre.
“In addition to its many economic benefits, grain maize also has significant environmental benefits. The defra guidelines indicate that farmers should sow a green cover crop after harvesting forage maize to prevent soil erosion. With grain maize, however, this is not necessary as the stova is chopped and spread, creating a ‘mat’ that allows machinery to travel on the land more easily, greatly reducing soil erosion/run-off, improving soil structure and lowering the export of Phosphate and Potash from the field/farm, a big win-win situation given the current rising cost of fertiliser”.
